Thylacoleo Revealed - A Natural History of the Marsupial Lion

- REFERENCES -

Introducing Thylacoleo:

Presenting Thylacoleo carnifex -

ANDERSON, C., 1929. Palaeontological Notes No. 1. Macropus titan Owen and Thylacoleo carnifex Owen. Rec. Aust. Mus. 17: 35-19.

ARCHER, M. AND DAWSON, L., 1982. Revision of the Marsupial Lions of the genus Thylacoleo Gervais (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia) and the thylacoleonid evolution in the late Cainozoic. In: M. Archer, ed., Carnivorous Marsupials. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W. 2: 495-502.

ARCHER, M. AND RICH, T. H., 1982. Results of the Ray E. Lemley Expeditions. Wakaleo alcootensis n. sp. (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia), a new marsupial lion from the Miocene of the Northern Territory with a consideration of early radiation in the family. In: M. Archer, ed., Carnivorous Marsupials. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W. 2: 249-502.

ARCHER, M. AND WADE, M., 1976. Results of the Ray E. Lemley Expeditions, Part 1. The Allingham Formation and a new Pliocene vertebrate fauna from northern Queensland. Mem. Qd. Mus. 17: 379-97.

BROOM, R., 1898. On the affinities and habits of Thylacoleo. Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W. 22: 57-74.

CLEMENS, W. A. AND PLANE, M., 1974. Mid-Tertiary Thylacoleonidae (Marsupialia, Mammalia). Jour. Paleo. 48: 652-60.

COPE, E. D., 1882. The ancestry and habits of Thylacoleo. Amer. Nat. 16: 520-22.

COPE, E. D., 1884. The Tertiary Marsupialia. Amer. Nat. 18: 686-797.

DAILY, B., 1960. Thylacoleo, the extinct marsupial lion. Aust. Mus. Mag.13: 163-166.

DE VIS, C. W., 1883. On the tooth-marked bones of extinct marsupials. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 8: 187-90.

FINCH, E., 1971. Thylacoleo, marsupial lion or marsupial sloth? Aust. Nat. Hist. 17(1): 7-11.

GILL, E. D., 1954. Ecology and distribution of the extinct giant marsupial, Thylacoleo. Vic. Nat. 71: 18-35.

GREGORY, W. K., 1951. Evolution Emerging. 2 vols. Macmillan, New York.

HORTON, D. R., WELLS, R. T. AND WRIGHT, R. V. S. 1979. Thylacoleo, marsupial carnivore. Abs. Aust. Mamm. Soc. Bull. 6(1): 25.

HORTON, D. R. AND WRIGHT, R. V. S., 1981. Cuts in Lancefield Bones: Carnivorous Thylacoleo, not humans, the cause. Archaeol. Oceania 16: 73-80.

OWEN, R., 1859. On the fossil mammals of Australia. Part 1. Description of a mutilated skull of the large marsupial carnivore (Thylacoleo carnifex Owen), from a calcareous conglomerate stratum, eighty miles S.W. of Melbourne, Victoria. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 149: 309-22.

OWEN, R., 1871. On the fossil mammals of Australia. Part IV. Dentition and mandible of Thylacoleo carnifex with remarks on the arguments for its herbivority. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 161: 213-66.

PLEDGE, N., 1977. A new species of Thylacoleo (Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae) with notes on the occurences and distribution of Thylacoleonidae in South Australia. Rec. S. Austral. Mus. 17: 277-83.

RICH, P. V., VAN TETS, G. F. AND KNIGHT, F., 1985. "Kadimakara - Extinct Vertebrates of Australia". Pioneer Design Studio, Lilydale, VIC. pp. 225-29.

SCHALLER, G. B., 1972. The Serengetti Lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

SPENCER, B. AND WALCOTT, R. H., 1911. The origin of cuts on bones of Australian extinct marsupials. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 24: 92-133.

TEDFORD, R. H., 1967. The fossil Macropodidae from Lake Menindee, New South Wales. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 64: 1-165.

TOMES, C. S., 1914. "A manual of dental anatomy, human and comparative" edited by MARETT TIMS, H. W. AND HOPEWELL-SMITH, A., 7th ed. London: Churchill, 1914.

WELLS, R. T., 1975. Reconstructing the past: Excavation in fossil caves. Aust. Nat. Hist. 18(6): 208-11.

WELLS, R. T., HORTON, D. R. AND ROGERS, P., 1982. Thylacoleo carnifex Owen (Thylacoleonidae): marsupial carnivore? In: M. Archer, ed., Carnivorous Marsupials. Roy Zool. Soc. N.S.W. 2: 573-85.

WELLS, R. T., MORIARTY, K. C. AND WILLIAMS, D. L. G., 1984. The fossil vertebrate deposits of Victoria Fossil Cave Naracoorte: an introduction to the geology and fauna. Aust. Zool. 21: 305-33.

WELLS, R. T. AND NICHOL, B., 1977. On the manus and pes of Thylacoleo carnifex Owen (Marsupialia). Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 101(6): 139-46.

Australia and the Marsupials -

HARRISON, L., 1924. The Migration Route of the Australian Marsupial Fauna. Aust. Zool., Vol. 3, pp. 247-63, 1924.

JELL, P. A., AND DUNCAN, P. M., 1986. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater, Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), south Gippsland, Victoria. Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 3: 111-205.

MARSHALL, L. G., 1976. Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber-tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios 23: 1-30.

PASCUAL, R., ARCHER, M., JAUREGUIZAR, E. O., PRADO, J. L., GODTHTHELP, H. AND HAND, S. J., 1992. First discovery of monotremes in South America. Nature 356: 704-06.

ROSE, K. D., 2006. "The Beginning of the Age of Mammals". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 73.

SUTCLIFFE, A. J. 1985. "On the Track of Ice Age Mammals". Harvard Univ. Press: Cambridge. pp. 186-99.

ZINSMEISTER, W. J., 1986. Fossil Windfall at Antarctica's Edge. Nat. Hist. 95: 60-67.

Discovery and Interpretation:

Discovering Thylacoleo -

ANDERSON, C., 1929. Palaeontological Notes No. 1. Macropus titan Owen and Thylacoleo carnifex Owen. Rec. Aust. Mus. 17: 35-19.

ARCHER, M., CLAYTON, G. AND HAND, S., 1984. "Vertebrate Zoogeography and Evolution in Australasia". Hesperian Press: Carlisle. p. 688.

DE VIS, C. W., 1887. On a femur probably of Thylacoleo. Proc. R. S. Qd. 3: 122-8.

DE VIS, C. W., 1900. Bones and diet of Thylacoleo. Ann. Qd Mus.5: 7-11.

FINCH, M. E., 1982. The Discovery and Interpretation of Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia). In "Carnivorous Marsupials - Vol. 2" (Ed. M. Archer). Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W.: Sydney. pp. 537-51.

FINCH, M. E. AND FREEDMAN, L., 1982. An odontometric study of Thylacoleo (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia). Pp. 533-61 in "Carnivorous marsupials", ed. by M. Archer. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W.: Sydney.

FLOWER, W., 1868. On the affinities and probable habits of the extinct Australian marsupial Thylacoleo carnifex Owen. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. Land. XXIV: 307-19.

GERVAIS, P., 1848-52. Zoologie et paleontologie francaises (animaux vertebres) ou nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vivantes et fossiles de la France. Arthus Bertrand: Paris. Tome 1, 271 pp. Tome II, 146 pp.

GERVAIS, P., 1869. Memoire sur les formes cerebrales propres aux marsupiaux. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 229-51.

GILL, E. D., 1954. Ecology and distribution of the extinct giant marsupial, Thylacoleo. Vic. Nat. 71: 18-35.

KREFFT, G., 1870. Wellington Caves (Correspondence relative to exploration of). Pp. 1-12 in "New South Wales Parliamentary Paper". [Extracts concerning Plectodon and Mylodon? australis republished in Mahoney and Ride 1975, p. 199].

KREFFT, G., 1872. A Cuvierian principle in palaeontology, tested by evidences of an extinct leonine marsupial (Thylacoleo carnifex). by Professor Owen, F.R.S., D.C.L., Foreign Associate of the Institute of France. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4(10): 169-82.

LONGMAN, H. A., 1925. Fossil marsupials from Marmor. Mem. Qd Mus. 8: 109-10.

LYDEKKER. R., 1887. Catalogue of the fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part 5. London, the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), XXXV, 345 pp.

MAHONEY, J. A. AND RIDE, W. D. L., 1975. Index to the genera and species of fossil Mammalia described from Australia and New Guinea between 1838 and 1968. Spec. Publs. West. Aust. Mus. 6: 1-250.

MITCHELL, T. L., 1838. Three expeditions into the interior of eastern Australia, with descriptions of the recently explored region of Australia Felix, and of the present colony of New South Wales. T. and W. Boone: London. Vol. I and Vol. 2.

OWEN, R., 1858. "Odontology", in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, or dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature (8th ed.)', 16: 407-84.

OWEN, R., 1866. On the fossil mammals of Australia. Part II. Description of an almost entire skull of the Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen, from a freshwater deposit. Darling Downs, Queensland. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.156: 73-82.

OWEN, R., 1877. Researches on the fossil remains of the extinct mammals of Australia; with a notice of the extinct marsupials of England. J. Erxleben: London. Vol. I (text) and Vol. 2 (plates).

OWEN, R., 1883a. On the affinities of Thylacoleo. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.174: 575-82.

OWEN, R., 1883b. Pelvic characters of Thylacoleo carnifex. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 1883: 639-43.

OWEN, R., 1887. Additional evidence of the affinities of the extinct marsupial quadruped Thylacoleo carnifex (Owen). Phil. Trans. R. Soc.178:1-3.

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WELLS, R. T. AND NICHOL, B., 1977. On the manus and pes of Thylacoleo carnifex Owen (Marsupialia). Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 101(6): 139-46.

WOODS, J. T., 1956. The skull of Thylacoleo carnifex. Mem. Qd Mus.13: 125-40.

The Classification of Thylacoleonids -

ANDERSON, C., 1929. Palaeontological Notes No. 1. Macropus titan Owen and Thylacoleo carnifex Owen. Rec. Aust. Mus. 17: 35-19.

ARCHER, M., CLAYTON, G. AND HAND, S., 1984. "Vertebrate Zoogeography and Evolution in Australasia". Hesperian Press: Carlisle.

ARCHER, M. AND WADE, M., 1976. Results of the Ray E. Lemley Expeditions, Part 1. The Allingham Formation and a new Pliocene vertebrate fauna from northern Queensland. Mem. Qd. Mus. 17: 379-97.

BARTHOLOMAI, A., 1962. A new species of Thylacoleo and notes on some caudal vertebrae of Palorchestes azael. Mem. Qd Mus. 14: 33-40.

CLEMENS, W. A. AND PLANE, M., 1974. Mid-Tertiary Thylacoleonidae (Marsupialia, Mammalia). Jour. Paleo. 48: 652-60.

ETHERIDGE, R., 1918. The ungual phalanges termed Mylodon auslralis by Krefft, spelaean animal vel Thylacoleo by Owen, and Thylacoleo by Lydekker. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 2: 307-18.

FINCH, M. E. AND FREEDMAN, L., 1982. An odontometric study of Thylacoleo (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia). Pp. 533-61 in "Carnivorous marsupials", ed. by M. Archer. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W.: Sydney.

GLAUERT, L., 1912. Fossil marsupial remains from Balladonia in the Eucia Division. Rec. W. Aust. Mus. 1: 47-60.

KREFFT, G., 1870a. Wellington Caves (Correspondence relative to exploration of). Pp. 1-12 in "New South Wales Parliamentary Paper". [Extracts concerning Plectodon and Mylodon? australis republished in Mahoney and Ride 1975, p. 199].

KREFFT, G., 1870b. Guide to the Australian fossil remains, exhibited by the Trustees of the Australian Museum, and arranged and named by Gerard Krefft, F.L.S., Curator and Secretary. The Trustees of the Australian Museum: Sydney.

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KREFFT, G., 1882. Exploration of the caves and rivers of New South Wales. Pp. 1-52 in "New South Wales Parliamentary Paper, 1882".

LYDEKKER. R., 1887. Catalogue of the fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part 5. London, the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), XXXV, 345 pp.

McCOY, F., 1876. Thylacoleo carnifex (Ow.). Prodromus of the palaeontology of Victoria; or. Figures and descriptions of Victorian organic remains. Decade3: 7-12, Melbourne, Geological Society of Victoria.

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OWEN, R., 1877. Researches on the fossil remains of the extinct mammals of Australia; with a notice of the extinct marsupials of England. J. Erxleben: London. Vol. I (text) and Vol. 2 (plates).

OWEN, R., (In Anon.) (1888). On Thylacopardus australis, Owen. Nature, Lond. 39: 215.

WOODS, J. T., 1956. The skull of Thylacoleo carnifex. Mem. Qd Mus.13: 125-40.

The Feeding Habits of Thylacoleo -

ANDERSON, C., 1929. Palaeontological Notes No. 1. Macropus titan Owen and Thylacoleo carnifex Owen. Rec. Aust. Mus. 17: 35-19.

ANDERSON, W., 1889-90. On Post-Tertiary ossiferous clays near Myall Creek, Bingera. Rec. Geol. Surv. N.S.W. Vol. 1: 116-26.

BENSLEY, B. A., 1903. On the evolution of the Australian Marsupialia; with remarks on relationships of the marsupials in general. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) (2), IX: 83-217.

BROOM, R., 1898. On the affinities and habits of Thylacoleo. Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W. 22: 57-74.

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COPE, E. D., 1882. The ancestry and habits of Thylacoleo. Amer. Nat. 16: 520-22.

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DE VIS, C. W., 1883. On the tooth-marked bones of extinct marsupials. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 8: 187-90.

FINCH, M. E., 1981. "Thylacoleo, an Australian fossil phalangerid marsupial". Unpublished thesis.

FLOWER, W., 1868. On the affinities and probable habits of the extinct Australian marsupial Thylacoleo carnifex Owen. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. Land.XXIV: 307-19.

GILL, E. D., 1954. Ecology and distribution of the extinct giant marsupial, Thylacoleo. Vic. Nat. 71: 18-35.

GLAUERT, L., 1912. Fossil marsupial remains from Balladonia in the Eucia Division. Rec. W. Aust. Mus. 1: 47-60.

KREFFT, G., 1866. On the dentition of Thylacoleo carnifex (Ow.). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3 18: 148-9, PI. II.

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Locomotory Adaptations -

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HILDEBRAND, M., 1961. Body proportions of didelphid (and some other) marsupials, with emphasis on variability. Am. J. Anat. 109: 239-49.

HOWELL, A. B., 1944. Speed in Animals. Univ. of Chicago Press: Chicago.

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The Caves of Naracoorte:

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