Michael Sharland, writing in 1941, states:
"The thylacine does
not take kindly to captivity, and no zoo has had much success with it.
It is inclined to sulk, then go off its food, quickly to fall ill and then
die".
Thylacines, like many other large carnivorous mammals, were exhibited in
zoos, circuses and private menageries. Unlike the lion (Panthera
leo) or the tiger (Panthera tigris), which have been displayed
in menageries since pre-Roman times, the history of the thylacine in captivity
spans just over 100 years. The earliest known published account of
a thylacine on public display is that which appeared in The Hobart Town
Courier on the 17th September 1831 (p. 3):
"A beautiful specimen
of the male TIGER of Van Diemen's Land, is now to be seen at George Marsden's
Livery Stables, (opposite to Mr. Swan's) Elizabeth Street. No live
Tiger has ever been exhibited or seen in Hobart town before".
.
A
crouching female thylacine at the London Zoo (1909). This thylacine
was purchased from Mrs. Roberts (Beaumaris Zoo [SB]), and was resident
at the London Zoo from the 12th March 1909 until she died on the 5th June
1914. A total of 20 thylacines were exhibited by the London Zoo between
1850 and 1931; more than any other zoo outside of
Australia.
Other
photos of this individual: 1,
2,
3,
4. |
|
Between 1850 and 1936, thylacines were widely exhibited in zoos throughout
Australia, Europe, the United Kingdom, North America and India. Historically,
various estimates (Guiler 1985, Edwards 1996 [ZSL only], Claude 1996, Moeller
1997) have been made regarding the number of thylacines displayed in zoos,
the most recent being that of Dr. Bob Paddle (2012)..
.
Thylacines
displayed in zoological gardens [totals]
Source:
Thylacine Museum |
.
Beaumaris
[Hobart] [SB 16 & QD 29] |
45 |
Estimate |
City Park
Zoo [Launceston] |
66 |
Estimate |
Adelaide |
22 |
Estimate |
Melbourne |
48 |
Estimate |
Sydney [Taronga] |
1 |
Actual |
Sydney [Moore
Park] |
2 |
Estimate |
. |
|
|
Australian
totals |
184 |
|
Estimates
after Paddle (2012) |
|
|
. |
|
|
London |
20 |
Actual |
Antwerp |
1 |
Actual |
Berlin |
4 |
Actual |
Cologne |
2 |
Actual |
Paris |
2 |
Actual |
Bronx [New
York] |
4 |
Actual |
National [Washington,
DC] |
5 |
Actual |
Madras* |
2 |
Actual |
. |
|
|
International
totals |
40 |
|
After
Guiler, Moeller, Edwards [ZSL only], Paddle* |
|
|
. |
|
|
Combined
total |
224 |
|
. |
.
When attempting to make an accurate assessment of the total number of thylacines
displayed in zoos, it is essential to distinguish between animals obtained
directly from the wild and those sourced from other zoos. With previous
estimates, this consideration was rarely taken into account, and resulted
in an exaggeration of the true numbers. Most present day authors
are in agreement over the numbers of thylacines displayed in British, European
and North American zoos. Discrepancies arise when looking at estimates
for thylacines displayed in mainland Australian and Tasmanian zoos.
Dr. Bob Paddle (2012, p. 85) quotes the following totals for Australian
zoos: Melbourne: 48, Launceston City Park: 66, Sydney: 3 (Moore Park: 2
& Taronga: 1), Adelaide: 22 and Hobart at both its Sandy Bay and Queen's
Domain locations: 45, giving a combined total of 184 thylacines (see table
above). These totals, however, are somewhat deceptive in that they
do not reflect regional purchases and exchanges of thylacines between zoos.
Based on the Thylacine Museum's own research, with greater estimated totals
for the displays at City Park [76], Melbourne [57], and Moore Park [5],
a more realistic estimate for the total number of thylacines displayed
in Australian zoos would be 203 animals, with 51 of this total (25%) being
transfers, exchanges or purchases between zoos. This equates to a
total of 152 thylacines being wild caught (see table below).
.
.
Thylacines
displayed in Australian zoos [totals]
Source:
Thylacine Museum |
.
Zoo |
Wild
caught (snarer, dealer, or primary purchaser) |
Inter
Zoo TEP |
Total |
Beaumaris
(Sandy Bay) |
14 [88%] |
2 [12%] |
16 |
Beaumaris
(Domain) |
28 [97%] |
1 [3%] |
29 |
City
Park (Launceston) |
76 [100%] |
0 [0%] |
76 |
Melbourne |
36-
4* = 32 [60%] |
21 [40%] |
53* |
Adelaide |
0 [0%] |
23 [100%] |
23 |
Moore Park (Sydney) |
2 [40%] |
3 [60%] |
5 |
Taronga (Sydney) |
0 [0%] |
1 [100%] |
1 |
. |
|
|
|
Australian
total |
152
[75%] |
51
[25%] |
203* |
*
Zoo bred deducted from Melbourne total.
TEP
= Transfer / Exchange / Purchase |
. |
.
Paddle (2012) correctly states that the Launceston City Park Zoo had the
largest collection of thylacines on display, but the majority of these
animals were transient residents waiting until a suitable purchaser could
be found. The zoos in Melbourne and Adelaide, for example, sourced
a significant number of their thylacines from City Park Zoo. Unfortunately,
a definitive account of the movement of thylacines between Tasmanian and
mainland Australian zoos is not possible, as records are either incomplete
or no longer exist. Where records do exist in the form of the minutes
of the various zoological societies, sparse attention was often given to
recording the sale, exchange or purchase of thylacines for the zoos. For
example, the minutes of the Zoological Society of Victoria for February
1905 simply notes: "Stock purchased - Tasmanian tiger", giving no
reference to the thylacine's sex, age or source. The arrival of other
thylacines did not warrant even those few short words.
In the absence of zoo records, historical newspaper articles can often
be of value in filling in the missing gaps. In an article entitled
"Tasmanian
Fauna" that appeared in the Mercury newspaper of the 5th October
1910 (p. 4), the number of thylacines procured for the Beaumaris Zoo (SB)
between 1908 and 1910 is noted:
"Mrs.
Roberts, of Beaumaris, has shipped to Melbourne for transhipment to the
London Zoological Gardens, a pair each of Tasmanian tigers (Thylacinus
cynocephalus) and devils (Sarcophilus satanicus). Mrs. Roberts has
been fortunate in procuring no less than seven tigers (a
mother and three young ones being included) from October, 1908 to June,
1910. Of these, five have been shipped to the London society, and
the remaining two it is expected will stay permanently at Beaumaris.
Tigers and devils are most difficult to obtain alive, being frequently
injured when captured, and, in consequence, have to be destroyed".
Guiler (1985, p. 55) lists only one of these seven thylacines - that of
the Blackwood capture of the 18th June 1910. A search of Tasmanian
newspapers between 1908 and 1910 has enabled the remaining six thylacines
to be identified.
The arrival of the first thylacine at Beaumaris is documented in an article
in the Mercury newspaper of the 7th October 1908 (p. 4):
"All who are interested in the fauna of Tasmania will be glad to know that
the marsupial wolf captured at the Dee arrived safely at Beaumaris last
evening. It is a female, and has been captured without the slightest
injury. Specially well-adapted quarters have been prepared, and she
has settled quietly in them. It is the intention of Mrs. Roberts
to forward the animal to the London Zoo".
This article not only tells us the sex of the thylacine, but also its place
of capture and date of arrival at the zoo.
The arrival of a second thylacine at Beaumaris sometime between mid-October
1908 and mid-January 1909 is noted in an article in the Mercury of the
14th January 1909 (p. 3):
"Many persons who have been awaiting an opportunity to see the Tasmanian
tigers may be pleased to know that they will be on view on Saturday afternoon
next. It is rarely that these animals are captured alive, and all
who take an interest in our marsupials should not miss this chance, which
may never occur again".
The arrival of the next four thylacines is reported in an article in the
Examiner newspaper of the 7th July 1909 (p. 7):
"Calling at Woolnorth en route, the Gladys took aboard four live native
tigers, as they are familiarly termed, although bearing no affinity to
the feline family. The animals (female and half-grown cubs) were
enclosed in a strong cage, and attracted a number of visitors on Sunday
last. The beasts were transhipped to the s.s. Taoroa, having been
purchased by a Hobart resident for, it is said, the sum of £20 -
another convincing proof of the wealth of our undeveloped natural resources".
These three newspaper articles highlight the importance of non-zoological
sources in identifying missing or additional thylacines in the zoo record.
Internationally, Paddle (2012) estimates the total number of thylacines
displayed in the fourteen
zoos known to have exhibited the animals at 224. This figure
excludes thylacines held in private menageries, circuses, and dealers in
wild animals. Once again, these totals do not reflect the movement
of thylacines between zoos. Both the London and Melbourne zoos acted
as transit points for thylacines on route to other destinations.
Consequently, within the international total there are thylacines that
are recorded twice and in some cases on three or more occasions. For example,
a male and female thylacine exhibited at the Ménagerie du Jardin
des Plantes in Paris between 1886 and 1891 came originally from Melbourne
Zoo, and were held in transit for several weeks at London Zoo before being
transported to their final home in Paris. Consequently, this pair
of thylacines account for 6 of the 224 animals displayed as they are listed
in the records of all three zoos. Based on the Thylacine Museum's
own research, a more realistic count of the total number of wild caught
thylacines displayed in all zoos is likely to have been closer to 165 animals
(see table below). Of the 243 thylacines on display, 78 (32%) were
transfers, purchases or exchanges from other zoos (243 - 78 = 165).
Once again, it must be stressed that this is a provisional estimate and
subject to review as research continues.
.
Thylacines
displayed in zoological gardens [consolidated totals]
Source:
Thylacine Museum |
.
Zoo |
Wild
caught (snarer, dealer, or primary purchaser) |
Inter
Zoo TEP |
Total |
. |
|
|
|
Australian
total |
148
[74%] |
51
[26%] |
199 |
. |
|
|
|
London |
7 [35%] |
13 [65%] |
20 |
Paris |
0 [0%] |
2 [100%] |
2 |
Berlin |
3 [75%] |
1 [25%] |
4 |
Cologne |
1 [50%] |
1 [50%] |
2 |
Antwerp |
0 (0%) |
1 (100%) |
1 |
Washington |
0 (0%) |
5 (100%) |
5 |
New York |
2 [50%] |
2 [50%] |
4 |
Madras |
0 [0%] |
2 [100%] |
2 |
. |
|
|
|
Non-Australian
total |
13
[32.5%] |
27
[67.5%] |
40 |
. |
|
|
|
Combined
totals |
165
[68%] |
78
[32%] |
243 |
*
Totals exclude thylacines that died in transit or were dead on arrival.
TEP
= Transfer / Exchange / Purchase |
. |
|
|